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Charles S. Cleeland (1991). The copyright applies to the BPI and all its derivatives in any language. The BPI may not be used or reproduced without permission from Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, or his designee. Fees for use may apply. The BPI may not be modified or translated into another language without the express written consent of the copyright holder. Failure to comply may result in legal action. Permission to alter or translate the instrument may be obtained by contacting Dr. Charles S. Cleeland either by email at symptomresearch@mdanderson.org or by mail at: Charles S. Cleeland, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Symptom Research The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450 Houston, Texas 77030 Visit > Assessment Tools > Brief Pain Inventory for more information. © 2009 Charles S. Cleeland All rights reserved ii Table of Contents Chapter 1................................................................. 1 Development of the Brief Pain Inventory .............. 1 Background........................................................ 1 Developing a Measurement Model and Items 2 Test Construction Standards......................... 3 Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple Dimensions of Pain........................................ 3 Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire..................................................... 5 The Brief Pain Inventory...................................... 6 Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an Outcome Measure ....................................... 7 Psychometric Properties of the Brief Pain Inventory........................................................ 8 References ........................................................11 Chapter 2................................................................15 BPI References: Use of the BPI in Various Studies 15 Cancer Bone Pain.............................................16 Cancer Epidemiology ......................................20 Cancer Pain......................................................21 Depressive Disorders .........................................31 Fabry Disease....................................................32 Fibromyalgia......................................................33 HIV/AIDS ............................................................34 Minority Studies..................................................35 Neuromuscular Pain..........................................36 Neuropathic Pain..............................................40 Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases...........42 Psychosocial Studies.........................................45 Surgical and Procedural Pain...........................46 Validation Studies .............................................49 Language Translations......................................58 Methods Papers................................................59 i ii Chapter 1 Development of the Brief Pain Inventory The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) has become one of the most widely used measurement tools for assessing clinical pain. The BPI allows patients to rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function. Initially developed to assess pain related to cancer, the BPI has been shown to be an appropriate measure for pain caused by a wide range of clinical conditions. The BPI has been used in hundreds of studies. In some ways, the BPI is a “legacy”instrument— a selfreport measure that has, over time, become a standard for the assessment of pain and its impact. Background In the late 1970s, it became increasingly evident that patients with cancer, especially the later stages of the disease, experienced incapacitating pain that was often poorly controlled. A constellation of events— the publishing of opinion pieces by prominent persons with cancer pain, the increasing advocacy of pain professionals and organizations for better cancer pain management, a growing awareness of the problem by national and international policy groups, and the simple recognition that pain often could be controlled— created the climate for a sustained effort to improve pain management for those with cancer. 1 A first step in this effort was to document the extent of poor pain management. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Cancer Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) wanted measurement instruments that would better capture the severity and impact of cancer pain and measure improvement in pain after changes in analgesic practice or implementation of new pain treatments. These instruments also needed to function well in largescale national and international studies of the epidemiology of cancer pain. With grant support from both the NCI and the WHO, the Pain Research Group at the University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, under the direction of Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, undertook a program to test and develop selfrepor...