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Software Characteristics That Vary by Locale
Data Transparency
A process code is an internal representation of data and is the format in which
programs process data. With process codes all characters are represented internally
by the same number of bits so that processing is independent of the character set.
Process code is never saved on disk or exchanged with other running processes.
File codes and process codes must be considered when internationalizing applications
because different character data types are used depending on whether data is stored
or processed. Conversion between different character data types is thus often needed.
When processing multibyte character data types it is usually most efficient to convert to
wide character types because multibyte characters can be varying widths, whereas
wide characters are all a single fixed width. Programmers can make no assumptions
about process code encoding because multibyte characters may not have the same
encoding in wide character form.
Another method of processing multibyte character data is to process it as plain single-
byte characters, so that a program can examine each byte of the multibyte data to find
the character boundaries.
Data that is single-byte char-based, or that processes multibyte data without
interpreting its characters, can be used as both file codes and process codes. Data
that is wchar_t-based, however, can only be used as process codes. wchar_t-
based data is usually defined by the implementation to accommodate the largest
character in the character set. Because character size varies between
implementations, wchar_t process code is not portable across systems; data stored
by one system could be misinterpreted by another system trying to read the data.
Data Transparency
Data transparent software processes 8-bit characters without modifying or using any
part of the characters in a way that is inconsistent with the rules of the code set. Data
transparency is a fundamental requirement for internationalized applications.
In most single-byte code sets, all eight bits are used for encoding characters; in
multibyte code sets, more than eight bits are needed. Internationalized program code
must therefore examine all eight bits of every data byte and not ignore one or more
bits. A program that avoids changing any data bits and that examines all eight bits of a
data byte is called data transparent, or eight-bit clean.
Many programs developed in the United States use the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII). Because ASCII can be encoded with 7 bits, the
eighth bit of a byte has often been used as a utility bit—for example, for parity checking
or to store processing control codes—instead of as a data bit.
An internationalized program cannot depend on a single code set, nor can it use any
bit in a data byte for its own purposes—it must be able to support numerous single-
byte or multibyte code sets.
Software Internationalization Guide — 526225-002
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